Representation Of Class And Class Struggle - 1166 Words

Later theorist like Hall and Chakrabarty assert traditional early social science premised on white patriarchal, male dominated European colonialism and ideology alone, does nott consider the important values of other cultures and the articulation of race in the historical development and Capitalism. Thus they assert that the past, and present practices and histories of other races, cultures’ and cultures practices thwart the totalizing attempt of the earlier theorist like Gramsci and Bourdieu. Chakrabarty and Hall argue that other societies local as well as cultural practices [Chakrabarty], as well as the articulation of race [Hall], play an intricate part in historical development as they integrate theories of non-white, female, and†¦show more content†¦He asserts we must question â€Å"historicism† as an idea thus suggesting that to â€Å"understand anything it has to be understood as a whole via its historical development† (6). Thus, the totalizing th eory makes society blind to how local knowledge, different races, and cultures are essential in the development of history. Developing a distinction Marx made between the two kinds of history, Chakrabarty says History 1 is defined as the history of capitalism, and History 2, is defined as the development of human history that does not fit in the metanarrative of History 1 (50). Chakrabarty says Marx totalizing theories argue, that History 2, will ultimately be subsumed by History 1 overall history of capitalism from feudal stages to the present, However Chakrabarty argues that History 2 â€Å"is not separate from capital. As History 2 inherent in capital but interrupts and punctuates the logic of capitalism† (64). Additionally, Marx, (Marxist) Gramsci thinks that History 1 is the real history, while Chakrabarty asserts without â€Å"History two there would be no History one as history two is charged with the function of constantly interrupting the totalizing thrusts of Histo ry 1† (66). Chakrabarty details how Marxist abstract and real labor analogies fails to illustrate their theoretical application in other local and cultures. Therefore, the Western thought of â€Å"Marxism† as with Gramsci doesn t reflect theShow MoreRelatedThe Second Wave Of Feminism1594 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst-wave, the second-wave feminism continued to see white middle-class women as the forefront of feminism. The second-wave of feminism brought both good and bad to the table. While they were able to pass things such as the Equal Pay Act and ensured protection in Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act, the movement was also flawed to the extent in which they failed to address intersectionality—an understanding of how oppressions of race, gender, class, and sexuality were issues not isolated from one another—andRead MoreWorking Class Solidarity:Rebuilding Youngstown1205 Words   |  5 PagesWorking-Class Solidarity; Rebuilding Youngstown Undoubtedly work and place influence its surroundings. Youngstown, Ohio is emphasized as one in particular. As a result â€Å"steelmaking fueled the area’s economy and defined its identity† (68). The city was represented in newspapers, art work, postcards, and many texts as both â€Å"impressive and attractive† (75), as well as â€Å"imposing, confusing, and uninviting† (86). Considering the conflicting representations, steelmaking â€Å"also suggest(s) a key element ofRead MoreThe Castle Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagescomedy, satire (mock/ ridicule something), Kerrigans – main family, Working class family, Low budget film, Melbourne setting next to airport – house built on toxic landfill, beneath power lines, Events told by son Dale Kerrigan p.o.v, Australian culture/ identity, Made in 1997 Rob Sitch, Michael Caton father, Stephen Curry son, Humour: created by self-image of Australians – blue collar workers – concept of workin g class Aus and their place modern Australia, Refers to land rights movement of aboriginalsRead MoreEssay on The Trial by Franz Kafka1488 Words   |  6 Pagessuccumbs to the process of the trial, even though he questions the validity of his arrest throughout the story. There are two clear struggles that are presented throughout this story: a power struggle between Joseph K and the authorities, as well as a social class struggle. Within these struggles discussed, the question of the real crime that is committed is raised. Power struggle of initial arrest in the beginning The initial arrest of Joseph K happens out of the blue one day on his birthday when twoRead MoreThe Invisibility Of Today s Society753 Words   |  4 Pagesincome citizens find themselves invisible. They find do not get to voice their opinions and they receive unequal treatment. In the current generation, it is a sad fact that money controls not only people but even the government. This leads to the lower class to get poorly represented or even misrepresented. Unfortunately, the government is a large part of everyone’s lives and many of the decisions can be viewed as questionable. From local to state, and state to federal, the rich seem to be favored. PeopleRead MoreThe Study of Postcolonial Feminist Mahasweta Devi1296 Words   |  6 Pagesviewpoint of class and gender clearly. It underlines the fact that the society in which Mahasweta works seems to be starkly divided into two classes- the rich and privileged, and the not are unprivileged. The woman emerges to be a cla ss of low standard has been dominated and doesn’t seem to have attained her freedom even in independent countries. Her sufferings are often under-looked and eventually she merges into the latter class which never asserting her rights and dignity. Class conflicts haveRead MoreLeyster And Daumier Painted Everyday Life Events719 Words   |  3 Pagesclosely to the working class and the deep impact the time had on people, using warm colors. Daumier’s heavy paint application with harsh dark outlines related to his art as a caricaturist. Daumier worked to express the struggles that time had brought among the lower or working class by the truth relayed in his painting. The family in this photo is looking down, with expressed fatigue demonstrated by the women’s drooped shoulders and uncomfortableness in the crowded Third-Class Carriage. There is noRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm922 Words   |  4 Pagesappreciated qualities. Furthermore, his utilization of dialect and descriptions represent the key ideas of the novel. Throughout the novel, Orwell continues to show comparisons between Old Major and Karl Marx/ Vladimir Lenin that reveal their representation of one another. In the beginning of the novel, Old Major insisted on speaking to the animals of Manor Farm after an idea had come upon him in a dream. In this quote from the novel, Old Major is presenting his ideas of equality: â€Å"No argumentRead More Frustration and Denial in Morrisons Sula Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesAnd its not just any community is the community of the Bottom. African Americans who are a working class community. Their main problem is surviving. They must work any job they can get so that they and their families can live a life with food and a roof under their head. These jobs and sacrifices shape each of their lives. Nigro claims this is the most important theme in Sula because working-class people have been left out of modern literature. literature has been created for the cultural eliteRead More Swept Away Essay688 Words   |  3 PagesSwept Away The division of people, due to social class and political belief, is clearly a main theme in Lina Wertmuller’s film Swept Away. The film portrayed class and gender conflict brutally, honestly, and graphically, but not without validity. The fact that a woman directed it just adds another level of realism as well as a different perspective. The division between Raphaella, the northern capitalist for whom the system has paid off, and Gennarino, the dedicated, southern Communist

Aligning Profitability and Sustainability Nike - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 719 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Nike Essay Organization Essay Did you like this example? Aligning profitability and sustainability A central issue that companies grapple with as they try to become more sustainable is how and to what extent they adopt this as part of their corporate strategy. Nike faces the same dilemma as it builds on the success of the ‘Considered’ initiative while simultaneously encountering challenges implementing the ethos across the entire brand. How far can and should Nike go in â€Å"considering the right thing and doing the right thing†? Businesses often strive to find the balance between being economically and environmentally sustainable. However, it is possible, with innovation, to align the benefits of these aspects and minimize trade-offs. For Nike to advance on the sustainability scale, it is imperative that they identify and pursue alignment mechanisms that will allow it to become profitable and sustainable. Integrating sustainability across the brand While Considered as an ethos is promoted and accepted acros s the Nike brand, a key obstacle to progress is its limited and non-uniform implementation across the various categories. Sustainability needs to evolve from being a strategic initiative to an organizational strategy that encapsulates all categories setting brand wide objectives, identifying resources, and establishing uniform metrics for performance. As noted in the case, sustainability for Nike is not just a CSR goal anymore rather a crucial factor in long-term growth and competitiveness of the company. Specific measures in the strategy to accomplish this could include creation of a comprehensive index covering all categories and products taking into consideration the differences in costs, prices, and targets. Secondly, modifying the operations to build in the impact of sustainable design, development and manufacturing on the production time line will allow for wider implementation of the practices. Furthermore, this helps incorporate iterative design through measurement, au dit, and tracking through the product life cycle. Adoption would also increase if Nike can create a broader negotiating platform to enable all categories to benefit from price reductions from suppliers. Finally, any organizational strategy would require champions among the various teams to disseminate the sustainability ethos, build liaisons across functions and in general ensure broader enforcement of best practices. The message of â€Å"being good is good for the business† needs to be part of the leadership’s vision, implementation and evaluative measures in the company. External partnerships and alliances An internal philosophy and focus on sustainability is one part of the equation in achieving long-term sustainability in an organization. Organizations need to create and foster an eco-system around them that help them align the profitability and sustainability goals. Nike, as the market leader, is in an excellent position to create partnerships and alliances towards that goal. Nike should spearhead the creation and/or consolidation of industry wide practices including rating systems for the products and performance metrics. Promoting environmentally friendly systems would accelerate adoption by suppliers thereby strengthening its global sourcing channels. Third-party monitoring and validation relationships would bolster Nike’s credibility and improve its standing as an environmentally responsible organization. This is especially important in the light of its past experience with the labor crisis. Nike should create strategic partnerships with suppliers promoting knowledge sharing, assisting in training and education and identifying long-term benefits. It should engage the suppliers in dialogues regarding comprehensive standards promoting alignment in their goals. Customer awareness and branding An organization’s value is in the eyes of the customer. The Nike brand commands tremendous customer loyalty and recognition through its association with high performance, innovation and aesthetics. For Nike to evolve as a sustainable brand, it has to create value for its customer to be part of the new ecosystem. Nike should differentiate itself by the additional dimension of eco-friendliness to build on its performance and aesthetic values. Leveraging celebrity endorsements and raising consumer awareness, Nike should engage customers in the sustainability vision through collaboration with NGOs, eco-friendly groups and environmental campaigns. Evolving the brand to be associated with social and environmental responsibility would improve customer satisfaction and the bottom-line. In conclusion, Nike’s challenge is to interlock profitability and sustainability as it strives to address global sourcing, competitive and environmental issues. To succeed, Nike should create a comprehensive strategy to implement sustainability practices internally while simultaneously forming alliances and partnerships with external stakeholders, including customers. By marrying innovation with ‘green’ it is feasible for Nike to create cost-effective, high performing, and ‘cool’ eco-friendly products. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Aligning Profitability and Sustainability: Nike" essay for you Create order

Women and Environment Free Essays

string(53) " were less likely to be employed in the labor force\." That the relationship between people and the environment is not gender-neutral became clear in the mid-1980s. Some organizations, focusing on the day-to-day lives of communities, argued that the position and concerns of women were invisible in environmental debates and programmers. The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE based in New Delhi, India, in their The State of India’s Environment Report – or the Second Citizens Report of 1984-1985 argued that: Probably no other group is more affected by environmental destruction than poor village women. We will write a custom essay sample on Women and Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every dawn brings with it a long march in search of fuel, fodderand water. It does not matter if the women are old, young or pregnant: crucial household needs have to be met day after weary day. As ecological conditions worsen, the long march becomes even longer and more tiresome. Caught between poverty and environmental destruction, poor rural women in India could well be reaching the limits of physical endurance. (CSE 1985) In that same year of 1985, the second UN Decade for Women Conference was held in Nairobi, Kenya.The Environment Liaison Centre (presently the Environment Liaison Centre International or ELCI) organized a series of workshops on women, environment and development at the NGO Forum. These workshops were aimed at developing a better understanding of the relationship between women and the physical environment. More than 25 women leaders from all parts of the world – with an audience of women and men many times more – presented their local and regional case studies on women and the global environmental crisis, as well as on women and forests, energy, agriculture, and water management at local level.One of the main conclusions from the workshops was that women bear the highest costs of the environmental crisis because of their roles in providing water, food and energy at family and community levels. On the other hand, it was shown that women could potentially also make a large contribution to the solution of the crisis, precisely due to their role in the management of those primary resources. The increase in women’s power and the sustainability of development are ecologically tied.It is therefore imperative that women are enabled to participate and be involved at all levels of development planning throughout the industrialized and developing worlds, according to the ELC statement to the UN Women’s Conference in 1985. Female Participation in the Labor Force over the last century, the issue of women in the workplace has been a tumultuous one. Early in the 20th century, few women participated in the labor force. A woman’s place was at home, taking care of the family and managing the domestic world.It was seen as unfit for women to be in certain professions, and most women did not work, other than going about their daily chores around the house. The Great Depression magnified this fact, as unemployment reached its highest levels in history but women, more than ever, stayed home to look after their husbands who now found themselves without work. World War II brought a complete reversal to this trend. Productivity boomed and the men left their homes, some to work, most to join the war effort.Women, in large masses for the first time, also hit the labor market. Dubbed â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†, these women worked at manufacturing plants and at other technological industries that had previously seen only male employees. With the men off at war, these companies needed women to fill their shoes, and women streamed into the business. Since then, they have not looked back, as women employment in the labor force grew steadily in the four decades after World War II. It was not until very recently that female employment growth rates have leveled out.I hope to explain why this has happened, as well as examining different sectors of the economy and comparing women employment and men employment. Just after World War II the civilian labor force participation for women was a paltry 32%. Today, however, some six decades later that rate has climbed in excess of 70%. For four solid decades after the war, this rate increased at an astounding rate. Early in the 1990s, however, this rate leveled off. This brought about much speculation as to whether or not women were thus starting to leave the labor force and, if so, what the causes of that might be.In order to look at this hypothesis more closely, we first need to break down the women in the labor force by age: 16-24 year olds, 25-34 year olds, 35-44 year olds, 45-54 year olds, and 55+ years. In the mid 1940’s, 35-44 year olds were engaged in the labor force more than any other age group. In the late 1980s and into the early 1990s, this was still the case. Over the last 25 years, however, the younger age groups have exploded onto the work scene, drastically shooting up from a percentage (of women that age in the labor force) of 40 percent in 1970 to nearly 75 percent in the early 1990s. Until the 1970’s, a graph of female participation rates in the labor force would look like an â€Å"M†, with a large dip coming between the early 20’s until the later-child bearing years, the mid 30’s. However, with all age groups now actively participating in the labor force, that graph now looks like an upside down â€Å"U†. In the early 1990s participation rates of women abruptly flattened out. Initially much thought was given to the fact that more mothers were exiting the labor force temporarily in order to look after their children or become homemakers.Thus analysts turned to specific age groups. They found that there was a significant drop off in labor force participation rates of women ages 16-24. Historically, rates of this age group did follow business cycles, so why the sudden change? The explanation was that more females that age were enrolling in schools. School enrollment between 1987 and 1993 increased nearly 28 percent, and women in school were less likely to be employed in the labor force. You read "Women and Environment" in category "Papers" Other age groups continued their slightly upward trend, with the only exception being the 16-24 year olds.One explanation as to why these women decided to attend school rather than remain in the labor force is the recession of the early 1990s. There was a recessionary job market, so the younger, less stable women chose to go back to school rather than seek alternate employment. Since the early 1990s, however, the growth of women entering the labor force has resumed. The makeup of the group of women in the labor force has been influenced more recently than ever before on family structure. In the last ten years, mothers have accounted for most of the rise in women’s overall labor force rate. For mothers with children between the ages of 6 and 17, an astonishing 77 percent are in the labor force. With children under 6, this percentage understandably dips to 62 points, but both largely higher than a decade ago. For mothers with infants less than a year old, the percentage entering the labor force has grown nearly 20 percent over the last decade. This trend is a strong reflection of today’s societal norms: working for pay is an integral part of many women’s lives, as opposed to early in the 20th century when housework was the norm.The 1996 Welfare Reform Bill passed by Congress had an effect on poor and single mothers in the workplace. By trying to move women from welfare to work, the bill encouraged these women to find jobs, thus entering the labor force. Additionally, the real wages of met earning lower incomes has remained stagnant or even slightly fallen in recent years. The cost of a wife sitting around the house and taking care of the children has risen, so the wives have much more incentive, and need, now to go out and earn on their own. This, in turn, also puts pressure on single mothers to go out and work as well.These women do not necessarily work full-time year-round, but their entrance into the marketplace is a positive for not only them but the women’s movement in general. It has gotten to the point, however, that marriage and children (except a pre-school aged child, where mothers tend to stay at home or work minimal hours) now have little effect on whether a not a woman works, and for how long she works. This is the societal norm, although access to other income (e. g. husband’s earnings, single vs. married woman) still has a large effect on a woman’s employment options.Women now spend a couple of hours more in the workplace per day than they do caring for their children as opposed to 20 years ago, yet many mothers are still not committed to full-time year-round employment. Throughout the entire 20th century, women’s wages have constantly lagged behind men’s wages. If a woman and mad were both hired to do the same task, the man would be paid more than the women. That has been and continues to be the trend in the American capitalist state. One explanation has always been that the men are not only more qualified at the jobs but more efficient.Thus, the argument goes, they should be paid at a higher premium. Today, however, the wage gap is still existent, and very few would find that argument valid. So why do women still earn less than men, and why are women often discriminated against in the workplace? When a child enters a family, it is the woman who, much more often than not, stays at home and cares for the new baby. When the women exits the labor force, she does not gain the seniority that she would have otherwise gotten had there been no child.When women return to the labor force, they are less likely to receive on the job training, and thus less like to increase their productivity and thus level of pay. The absence from the work force, even if only for several months to take care of a newborn child, can depreciate the job skills of women, so when they return back to work they are not as sharp and take some time to regain pre-birth efficiency in the office. Knowing this, employers are less likely to hire women who are in their prime years for giving birth. This also stands for wome n applying for new jobs; if they left the labor force nce before for a child, chances are good that they might do it again. An employer will see this and thus shy away from hiring the woman, instead perhaps deferring to a man who would remain at work. Employers may even view those who do not take time away from work as more dedicated than women who do, regardless of the reason, and this could be reflected in reduced promotion possibilities, different job assignments, and other actions that could have salary implications. This is certainly not fair to women: it is not their fault that they are biologically the ones who give birth and must frequently look after the children.Regardless, the trend is that those women who do take time off from work often are overlooked for more competitive jobs and receive less pay. I have just established that women are now in the labor force more than ever before. But now that they are working, what kinds of jobs are they doing? In private industry, the breakdown of women compared to men is interesting. In 2000 there were 44 million workers in private industry in the United States, 23. 5 million of which were male, 20. 5 million female. A more specific breakdown, however, shows some astounding differences.There were twice as many male officials and managers than there were females (3 million as opposed to 1. 5 million). Officials and managers are described as â€Å"occupations requiring administrative and managerial personnel who set broad policies, exercise overall responsibility for execution of these policies, etc. † Yet the number of workers defined as ‘professionals’ gives females the numeric advantage, 3. 6 million to 3. 4 million. Professionals are described as â€Å"occupations requiring either college graduation or experience of such kind. Thus even though the women labor force tends to be slightly more educated than the male labor force, it is the males who, by a 2:1 ratio, are in managerial and authoritative positions! In other generic fields, there is also a stark contrast between males and females. Women outnumber men by roughly a 3:2 ratio in sales, and for office and clerical workers in private industry in the United States in 2000, there were over 5 million females and only slightly over 1 million males. This is no doubt a stereotype, the female secretary or clerical workers, but according to these statistics this stereotype seems to hold true.What reasons are there that so many more females are attracted to, or rather hold, secretarial jobs? There are many. On the flip side, however, there were six times as many male craft workers (skilled labor) than there were female craft workers in 2000. Perhaps females are not attracted to the demanding physical labor of such jobs, much the way males do not like clerical tasks. Historically, males have been overwhelmingly dominant in the field of physical labor. When some women were forced to work in factories for personal financial reasons, they were often despised and treated unequally.This, I am sure, led many females to be extremely not attracted to such professions. Likewise, females have always dominant as office secretaries and the like. Back when women first entered the labor force, these were often the only types of jobs available so they took them. Today, women still flock to these clerical jobs. Looking at more specific job fields, these same general observations seem to hold true. In the field of engineering and management services, male office officials and managers greatly outweigh female managers.There are more than twice as many male technicians as female technicians, and over 12 times as many male skilled laborers than female skilled laborers. However, the number of female clerical workers is more than four times that of male clerical workers. Even male operatives (semiskilled workers) outnumber by three times the number of female operatives. These numbers show overwhelmingly that the technical aspect of engineering is enjoyed more by males, while the women are still confined to the office. In the field of legal services, females outnumber males by a 1. 7:1 ration.Nearly two thirds of all females in this profession, however, are in fact office and clerical workers. Male professionals outnumber female professionals by a wide margin, and the trend shown in the general population holds true here, too. In the field of computers and office equipment, twice as many males as females hold jobs in this area. As usual, the number of female clerical workers greatly outweighs the number of male clerical workers. It comes as no surprise that, in the field of computers, male professionals, technicians, and skilled laborers greatly outweighs the number of female workers in these areas. The same trends can be seen in other areas such as communications. One profession bucking this trend, however, can be found in hospitals. Women hospital employees outnumber male hospital employees by more than a 3:1 margin. Additionally, the number of female officials and managers, professionals, and technicians outweigh the numbers for the males, not just in raw numbers but also in terms of percentages. Males, however, still comprise the vast majority of skilled laborers in this area. It is nice to see, however, an area that goes against the general trend.Even though women seem to be dominant in a few fields of work and very scattered throughout many others, this is a change from a couple generations ago when most women were not even in the labor force. For women, this fact is definitely a step in the positive direction. Most women now hold jobs in the workplace, and are sustaining them for longer amounts of time than ever before. The next step is for women to immerse themselves in all fields of the labor force, rather than just concentrating on a selective few.This brings responsibility to males, too, to allow for women to reach the upper echelons of the labor force. In a labor force that has been historically dominated by males, this proves to be an intriguing situation over the next decade as more and more women aspire to the officials and managers that they are not today. Women’s education from past till now Social Relevance Education has been the stumbling block keeping women from attaining equal status in society, separating them from their male counterparts. It has also been the door to this elusive dream of equality. Before women gained the right and privilege of higher education they were believed to be lower-class citizens, not worthy of voting or owning property, or any number of other â€Å"inalienable rights†. It was not only men who believed that women should hold a lower position than they. Queen Victoria said: † I am most anxious to enlist everyone who can speak or write to join in checking this mad, wicked folly of ‘Women’s Rights’, with all its attendant horrors, on which her poor feeble sex is bent, forgetting every sense of womanly feelings and propriety. Feminists ought to get a good whipping.Were woman to ‘unsex’ themselves by claiming equality with men, they would become the most hateful, heathen and disgusting of beings and would surely perish without male protection. â€Å"(Victorian Station)  Without education to empower them, many women believed that they should not hold the power to influence politics or even make decisions abou t their own property. Women were stripped of their dignity and privileges by men of the community and even by their own husbands. However, they were finally able to break free from these social constraints through education. It is telling that most of he early feminists were set apart from their complacent sisters by education. They were educated, and through this knowledge gained a sense of self-worth and the power to change history. Higher education is the foundation of the empowered women of today. The struggle for women’s education has been an uphill battle that has not yet reached its citadel. This journey took root in the Victorian period and branched even to modern times. During the mid-eighteen hundreds women were expected to live up to a feminine ideal. This ideology required women to be â€Å"pure, pious, domestic and submissive† (Eisenmann Apendix).None of these ideals would be achieved through education. In fact, receiving an education in the Victorian Period was considered an â€Å"act of nonconformity†(Solomon xviii). A woman could not fill her preordained place in society if she wasting her time gaining knowledge. Education was thought to make women discontented with their current status, and possibly even irritated with men (McClelland 12). Education for women was thought to disrupt the social balance of the time. On the contrary, the earliest push for Victorian women to become educated was because they were mothers of men and eventually teachers of men (Solomon xviii). It was not until the twentieth century that women began to desire knowledge for themselves as individuals. History of Women in Education In order to understand the women’s education movement, it is important to have a brief background of its history. During the time of the ideal subservient woman a few bold women and events stand out as milestones in history. The first is in 1833; Oberlin College was founded. It was the nations first university to accept women and black students. The next important event was the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. This convention added fuel to the flame of education and suffrage. The Seneca Falls Declaration has been called â€Å"the single most important document of the nineteenth-century American woman’s movement†. At the convention a declaration concerning women’s rights was adopted modeling the Declaration of Independence. Appearing in addition to issues of suffrage were issues of education and employment. The Declaration of Sentiments states: He has monopolized nearly all the profitable employments, and from those she is permitted to follow, she receives but a scanty remuneration. He closes against her all the avenues to wealth and distinction, which he considers ost honorable to himself. As a teacher of theology, medicine, or law, she is not known. He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education – all colleges being closed against her. (Schneir 77) This event is of utmost importance to the women’s rights movement. It laid the foundation for future achievements even though suffrage was not achieved until 1920. After the Seneca Falls Convention women continued to achieve milestones in education. In 1877, Helen Magill became the first woman in the United States to earn her Ph. D.By 1880, women comprised eighty percent of all elementary school educators, and by 1910 women made up 39 percent of all collegiate undergraduate students and even 20 percent of all college faculty. Finally, in 1920 women’s suffrage was achieved, giving women a secure foothold in society. In 1945, the first woman was accepted to Harvard Medical School, and by 1972 Title XI was passed to help end the discrimination based on sex for any educational program that received federal funding. In 1980 women equaled men in numbers enrolled in colleges with 51 percent.Finally, in 1996 Virginia Military Institute was forced by the Supreme Court to become coeducational (Eisenmann appendix). There are many other events along the path to education that helped women achieve the status they enjoy today. This brief chronology merely traces a few of the hundreds of thousands of victories women had to win in order to become educated. Reasons for Oppression One of the main values that necessitated all of this arduous labor in order to simply become educated was that, people feared that the social system would break down if women were allowed to be educated.They worried that women would cease to fulfill their traditional roles if they received a higher education. It was even thought that a woman risked brain fever or sterility if she became educated (Delamont 109). These Victorian ideas seem ridiculous from a twentieth century perspective, but educated women today still have to deal with a certain measure of social stigma. It is often overlooked, however, because it has been adapted to fit the social constraints of today. They are forced at times to choose to live up to the dreams of their education or to live up to the societal implications of being a mother and wife (Solomon xix).This is only one of many reasons that the fight for adequate woman’s education is far from over. University of Texas Compared to Cambridge The fact that the need for reform in women’s education is not over is illustrated in two parallel cases. During the early feminist movement and the beginnings of the reform of women’s education, the best case to study is Cambridge in England. At the time this university had established authority in academia there was not a comparable university in the United States.Therefore, it is necessary to compare universities across the boundaries of nations. Women first gained notoriety at Cambridge when in the 1860’s Emily Davies was successful in her campaign to allow women to attend Cambridge University. However, they did not have the same status as the male students there (Acker 51). Even though Cambridge was one of the first universities to encourage women to study they did not award women the same degrees as men upon completion of the same tests (Vicinus 117). This is a testament to the slow but steady progress of women in education.These women were dedicated and willing to study despite sub-par compensation upon completion of school. It was not until 1947 that women were admitted to Cambridge as equal members (Acker 51). While it was a promising start for women in the Victorian period to even be allowed to study, it is necessary to evaluate the staggering length of time this progress took to occur. It took almost a century for women to gain the same recognition as men. In light of these facts, it is dangerous to assume that women today have equal educational opportunity.As little as fifty-five years ago women were celebrating the fact that they could finally earn a degree at Cambridge University. That is not a very distant past. When asked if women at The University of Texas still face issues of educational bias, the answer is an unequivocal yes. Women make up almost half of the undergraduate student population at forty-nine percent. Sadly, these women are outnumbered in fields that have traditionally been male-dominated such as architecture and medicine. However, the average grade point average of women is higher than men in every field of study(Office of Inst. . This makes it clear that it is not a discrepancy of ability that keeps women from pursuing these vocations.There must be some sort of lingering Victorian attitudes that keep women from living up to their potential. Women today aspire to more diverse areas of study and vocation. However, they are realistic about what the world has in store for them and therefore gravitate towards more typically female professions (Kramarae 489). Another important fact is that the percentage of women faculty is a meager 33 percent (Office of Inst. Research has found that students tend to seek out classrooms and vocations in which they will feel comfortable and successful. Some students report avoiding courses that are overwhelmingly male because of the unwelcome feeling they experience in the classroom. How can women feel comfortable pursuing any field of study when male mentors and educators surround them and when the only contributions taught are those of males (Kramarae 498)? The battle for women’s education will not be won until women feel free and comfortable to pursue any academic field. How to cite Women and Environment, Papers

Scope of Social Media in Business Free-Samples-Myassignmenthlep.Com

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Social Networks in Business. Answer: Introduction: Advancement in the technology has brought up many changes in the business world. The biggest technology invention is the invention of internet that is used by every single person on the planet. It has become the basis of every function of daily lives of the people. Introduction of social media tool is also a technological invention that has proved to be very popular these days. Every individual is using social media tools to communicate with each other overcoming all the barriers of communication (Kaplan Haenlein, 2010). Businesses are also using these tools for their benefits in the field of marketing, customer service, making connections etc. However, it not only brings benefits to the businesses but also act as the challenge for the companies to deal with such social media tools. This is because it requires an extra skill to make use of these tools for the benefits of the firm. It is required by the companies to analyze the tool properly and implement them in the processes with p rior training and development to the employees so that nobody can misuse it. social media Social media can be defined as the platform that helps the people to connect with the outside world with the use of technology called internet (Brison, Baker III Byon, 2015). With the evolution of internet technology the features of social media has also got improved and thus provides even better services to the people such as posting images, videos, chatting, editing picture, posting content etc. This is basically the platform that helps in exchanging the information with others. In earlier times, people used to share these types of information through posts after that technology has developed and people started sending messages and E-mails. Now the technology has become so advanced that people can have online live chats and video chats through the medium of social media. Web 1.0 technology is the technology of internet that allows the users to have access to read the data provided on the websites that has been generated by others (Kwak, Lee, Park Moon, 2010). Advancement in web 1 .0 results in development of web 2.0 technology. This technology allows the users to even interact with other users of the websites. Social media is not only playing a major role in individuals life but also playing a great role in the life of business. It has provided many benefits to the businesses along with some of the disadvantages. Benefits of social media: The below figure clearly suggests the different types of benefits that the companies are enjoying with the use of social media. Brand exposure and awareness: The above figure suggests that the major advantage for the businesses of using social media networks is brand exposure and awareness. It means that the social media network tool help the companies to make the people aware of their brand by marketing and posting about their products and services on these sites (Mangold Faulds, 2009). This ultimately provides high brand exposure to the company as more and more people can know about the brand. Social media tools allow the companies to increase their presence on the internet so that its brand can be exposed to large number of customers. Coles is the company in Australia that operates in the supermarket industry. The company uses social media tool for attracting more and more customers and succeeded in doing so. The Facebook page of the company has 869,000 likes. This suggests that intensity of the awareness the people have about the company because of social media presence. Targeted traffic: As many users are using the social media networking sites thus makes it easier for the companies to have a large pool of customers from which the relevant customers can be targeted easily. Search Engine optimization is the tool that helps in optimizing the website traffic for the company (Gerbaudo, 2012). Coles is the company that is using the help of the site called twitter not only to broadcast about the products but also to target the customers for the particular products. The target customer range of the company is so wide because it deals with many products and thus according to the likes and the retweets of the people company can target those customers (Econsultancy., 2017). Lead generation: Lead is basically the potential customers. As there are many users who are connected with each other on social media networking sites thus it creates a pool for sales prospects for the companies. Some of the users are customers for some of the products. Thus, the companies need to be active in order to generate the lead out of that customer. It is competition because most of the companies are trying this method to acquire customers and thus the companies need to make extra efforts in generating leads from the users. Using online website to serve the customers to buy the products is the basic step to generate lead online (Albarran, 2013). Coles is the company that uses such strategy to generate leads. The company is active on all the social media websites and thus tries to attract the customers with customized ads. Customer interaction: Social media networking not only allow the companies to post about their products and services but also allow the customers to leave their feedbacks on the company's post. It helps the companies to know about the reviews of the customers about their products and services. This also results in taking corrective action by the companies according to the analysis of the customers views. The above picture clearly describes that Coles post about their products on Tweets and the reviews of the customers can be identified from these posts on Twitter (Healey, 2011). Positive views of the customers help the company to have more sales of the products and negative views help the company to make correction to their products according to their needs. The benefits of using social media is not limited to the above four aspects. There is a wide scope of using social media for marketing and other processes (McHale, 2012). Social media also helps in internal networking of the employees thorough intranet. Coles is using this technology also to make connections between their employees so that easy c flow of communication can be done. Disadvantages of social media networking: Skilled resources: Using social media tools is not always easy and cheap. It totally depends on the size and the type of the business that how much efforts are required by the company to use these tools in order to take benefits of that (Hinton Hjorth, 2013). The major disadvantage of using social media networking in businesses is that it requires committed human and time resources. The companies need to hire skilled employee or sometimes the whole team to take care of these social media networks of the company all the time. This requires the company to invest in hiring and training the people with the required skills. The staff of the company that deals with social media tools should be extremely trained so that they can give all the answers to the questions out on by the customers and the competitors on social media. Coles have a specialized social media team in the organization that looks after the social media sites of the company every time (Lomborg, 2014). The company replies to the customers reviews in 2 hours which is a very speedy time as compared to other companies. The company is also active on all the social media channels and post new things every time and then. This increases the efforts of the company and distracts the company from its core activities. Damage to brand image: As there are many user on the social media sites so they can post anything about the company anytime. This acts as the threat for the company because the new or any statement given by the users or the competitors can results in damage to the image of the company. It is a very big risk that the companies came across when they deal with social media networking tools (Scott, 2015). These are the tools that are open and allow the open communication and interaction between the people. Coles has faced this case of negative publicity at the time when the company has started its campaign with the statement In my house, its a crime not to buy This statement has received many negative replies from the customers and drops down the image of the company on social media. It is very difficult for the company to deal with such cases. The openness of this medium and networking allow the customers to write whatever they want and it may affect the image of the companies very badl y. Ethical and legal risks: Social media is the world that has different security and privacy concern. Any company's social media team should be knowledgeable with the IT laws before working with any of the social media team (Westwood, 2014). This is because any unethical practice at the social media sites can be subjected to legal punishment. Security risks for the companies are very high in case of using the social media tool. Any information of the company can be leaked by the social media team as they have all the data and information about the company that should be kept in secretive manner. Companies like Coles need to include all the legal consideration when using the social media tools that any of their practice cannot harm the image of the company as well as cannot put any legal harm to the company. Therefore, it has been analyzed that the companies should be very aware of all the disadvantages of using social media networking in business so that they can face those challenges at that time with prior plans (Stelzner, 2011). It has been recommended for the companies to assess the activities that need to be conducted on social media by the company and also to plan all the activities by delegating different duties and responsibilities to different people. A written social media policy should be framed by the company so that the activities can be conducted according to that policy (Aral, Dellarocas Godes, 2013). The main recommendation for the companies who use such tools is that the companies should train their employees with the skills of using social media tools so that they cannot make any technical mistake on the sites that may results in harm to the company's image and goodwill. Conclusion: On the whole, it can be concluded that social media networking is a very important element to be considered by the companies these days. This is because its a very strong marketing tool for the companies. It does not benefit the company in terms marketing but also help the companies to increase the revenue and the customer base (Hanna, Rohm Crittenden, 2011). Brand exposure is also the main benefit of using social media networking in businesses. On the other hand, the limitation of using such tools are elated to the damaging the image of the company and requirement of skilled workforce to use such tools. As the social media networking is very popular in todays world but the companies need to understand that the tools are still very new to most of the people and thus a proper strategy needs to be made in order to implement such tools in the organization. Coles is using an optimum use of these tool in the business but still faced many risks and challenges of using social media network ing. References: Albarran, A. (2013).The social media industries. New York: Routledge. Aral, S., Dellarocas, C., Godes, D. (2013). Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), 3-13. Brison, N. T., Baker III, T. A., Byon, K. K. (2015). Facebook Likes and Sport Brand Image: An Empirical Examination of the National Advertising Divisions Coastal Contacts Decision.Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport,25(2), 104-122. Econsultancy. (2017).How Australian supermarket Coles delivers engaging content on social, from https://econsultancy.com/blog/66922-how-australian-supermarket-coles-delivers-engaging-content-on-social/ Retrieved 4 May 2017 Gerbaudo, P.( 2012).Tweets and the streets: Social media and contemporary activism. Pluto Press. Hanna, R., Rohm, A., Crittenden, V. L. (2011). Were all connected: The power of the social media ecosystem.Business horizons,54(3), 265-273. Healey, J. (2011).Social impacts of digital media. Thirroul, N.S.W.: Spinney Press. Hinton, S., Hjorth, L. (2013).Understanding social media. Los Angeles, CA [etc.]: SAGE. Kaplan, A. M., Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media.Business horizons,53(1), 59-68. Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H. Moon, S. (2010), April. What is Twitter, a social network or a news media?. InProceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web(pp. 591-600). ACM. Lomborg, S. (2014).Social media, social genres. New York, NY [u.a.]: Routledge. Mangold, W.G. Faulds, D.J.(2009). Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix.Business horizons,52(4), pp.357-365. McHale, R. (2012).Navigating social media legal risks: Safeguarding your business. Que Publishing. Scott, D. (2015).The new rules of marketing PR. Hoboken (New Jersey): J. Wiley Sons. Stelzner, M. A. (2011). Social media marketing industry report.Social Media Examiner,41, 1-10. Westwood, J. (2014).Social Media in Social Work Education