Resources for Food Storage Warehouse Requirements

Warehouse Sanitation Workshop Handbook, by Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) – PDF http://www. eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini. jsp? nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED201821&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED201821 Foreword (pg 31/67)| There is good description of the scope of how they define ‘Food Warehouse’ and differentiate it from Food Manufacturing| II Buildings and Grounds (pg 31 – 32)III Fixtures and Equipment (pg 32)| Can be used for Section 2: Warehouse exterior and surroundings| IV Sanitary Facilities (pg 32-33)V Sanitary Operations (pg 33-34)VI Procedures & Controls – Part I, J, K (pg 35 – 36)| Can be used for Section 8: Hygiene of premises including housekeeping, personal hygiene, pest control and waste disposal| VI Procedures & Controls – Part A to H (pg 34 – 35)| Can be used for Section 7: Safe Handling of Food| VII Personnel (pg 36)| Can be used for Sect ion 11: Appointment of hygiene officers and personnel training| Appendix (pg37-39)| Could be used as our Appendix and Checklist too| 2.Food Safety for Warehousing and Distribution (a training course that comes with a copy of the AIB International Consolidated Standards for Inspection: Food Distribution Centres) https://secure. aibonline. org/php/ecomm-catalog. php? catalogNbr=11-3375 3. Food Establishment Regulations, by Southern Nevada Health District – PDF http://www. southernnevadahealthdistrict. org/food-regulations/index. php Chapter 1 Purpose and DefinitionsChapter 9-1 Definitions| Can be used for Section 1: Definitions| Chapter 2 Management and Personnel Supervision| Can be used for Section 11: Appointment of hygiene officers and personnel training| Chapter 3-305. 11 Food Storage (pg 35/166)Chapter 3-305. 2 Food Storage prohibited areas (pg 36)| Can be used for Section 6: Safe storage conditions of food| Chapter 9-202 General Warehouses| Can be used for Section 3: Ware house structure, design and maintenance| Chapter 9-302 General Warehouses| Can be used for Section 7: Safe handling of food|Chapter 9-302. 17 to . 19| Can be used for Section 8: Hygiene of premises| Chapter 9-302. 20 Transportation| Can be used for Section 9: Transportation requirements| 4. Oregon ODA Food Safety Division http://oregon. gov/ODA/FSD/reg_law_index. shtml Division 25 – Food Establishment Standards and Standards for Retail Food Service Activities http://arcweb. sos. state. or. us/pages/rules/oars_600/oar_603/603_025. tml 603-025-0010 Definitions| Can be used for Section 1: Definitions Definition of Food Storage Warehouse: means any building or place where food is stored as a commercial venture or business, or stored in connection with or as a part of a commercial venture or business, but does not include a home, restaurant, rooming house, hotel or similar place where food is stored to be used or consumed by the owner or served to employees, customers, or guests, nor an establishment licensed by the department under other laws| 603-025-0020 General Standards (1) and (2)| Can be used for Section 2: Warehouse exterior and surroundings| 603-025-0020 General Standards (3) – (8)| Can be used for Section 3: Warehouse structure| 603-025-0020 General Standards (9) – (11)| Can be used for Section 8: Hygiene| 603-025-0020 General Standards (12)| Can be used for Section 11: Personnel| 603-025-0020 General Standards (13),(14),(16)| Can be used for Section 7: Safe handling| 603-025-0020 General Standards (15)| Can be used for Section 9: Transportation requirements| 603-025-0140 Food Storage WarehousesIn addition to the provisions of OAR 603-025-0020, a food storage warehouse shall comply with the following: (1) Cold Storage: Each cold storage room in a food storage warehouse shall be equipped with an accurate and easily visible thermometer with the sensing element at least five feet above the floor. (2) Morgue: The operator of a food storag e warehouse shall provide an area for the accumulation and holding of all damaged foods or foods which are or may be unwholesome. The operator shall maintain a program of timely and proper disposal of damaged or unwholesome foods to prevent development of insanitary conditions or vermin breeding places and rodent harborage.5. Organic Food Federation Storage, Warehouse & Transport Standards (PDF) http://www. orgfoodfed. com/Our%20Standards. htm 6. International Food Safety & Quality Network http://www. ifsqn. com/ http://www. ifsqn. om/brc-storage-and-distribution-quality-management-system-p-94. html 7. Wholesale Food Warehouse Risk Control Plan Workbook (PDF) sandiegohealth. org/food/wholesale_workbook. pdfSimilar Chapter III Food Storage Procedures| Can be used for Section 6: Safe storageCan be used for Section 7: Safe handling| Chapter IV Receiving, Transportation| Can be used for Section 9: Transportation requirements| Chapter V Food Security| Can be used for Section 11: Personnel| Chapter VI RecallChapter VII Traceback| Can be used for Section 13: Recall| Chapter X Pest Control| Can be used for Section 8: Hygiene| Sample Self-Inspection Form (pg 64/74)| Can be used as Appendix|

Travel and Tourism component industries and their organisations Essay

Types of Tourism There are three types of tourism: domestic, outbound and inbound. Domestic tourism is when you travel within the country normally for a day trip; for example, someone traveling from London to Brighton for the day would be a domestic tourist. An outbound tourist is when someone travels outside the country. So someone travelling from the UK to France would be an outbound tourist to the UK. An Inbound tourist is when someone travels to another country; for example, someone travelling to Spain from France would be an inbound tourist to France. However these three categories have been split further into another three sub-categories stating the purposes for travel, these are: leisure, business and visiting friends and relatives (VFR). Someone travelling for holiday, cultural events, recreation, sport, religion and study would be classed as travelling for leisure. Someone travelling for business would be if they were meeting with an overseas client, meetings, conferences and exhibitions. Vi siting friends and family accounts for many trips especially within the UK. Accommodation Accommodation can be both serviced: your meals are on offer and you room is cleaned, or non-serviced: you look after yourself which includes cleaning, shopping and cooking. Hotels Hotels can be both independently owned or chain owned. The chain hotels tend to have the same layout and offer the same facilities no matter where you are because they are more impersonal but provide high quality consistently around the world, such as the Mercure Hotel in London and Paris. Also, hotels tend to cater for both business and leisure customers with a large range of products, such as a conference room for the business tourists, and activities for the leisure customers. Domestic tourism tends to be better independently owned hotels as the tourists will probably be visiting family and friends or staying for a limited time so they don’t need a wide range of facilities available, just the basics. However a chain hotel may also be used such as a travel lodge as this may be cheap and it offers the minimum products. Except for if the tourist is travelling for business purposes, as  it is most likely that the company will be paying for the hotel so the person may upgrade themselves and stay in luxury rather than a travel lodge. Inbound tourism is better for hotels that are part of a large chain as they will be well known to people from other countries; most of the time, whether the tourist is travelling for leisure or business, they will want to stay in a luxury hotel over a hotel with less available to them. Independently owned hotels usually reflect the countries own style whereas chain owned hotels look the same in every country and make the customers feel more at home. Outbound tourism tends to benefit independently owned hotels within the home country as some tourists stay over in a hotel near the airport so that they don’t have to travel far the next day or get up as early as some tourist’s class this as their holiday starting early. As they are staying there for normally 1 night they will just stay at an independent hotel as it will normally be cheaper but sometimes a chain hotel such as a travel lodge or a premier inn will be cheaper. Guest accommodation Guest accommodation is normally extra space that homeowners have and want to earn money for; this includes guesthouses, farmhouses and bed and breakfast accommodation. Moreover, there is also the option for self-catering, this normally occurs when people rent out there apartments or holiday cottages however this is also available at holiday parks. Kitchens and appliances are provided for the self-catering option. Many tourists consider guest accommodation as it is seen as charming and an opportunity to experience local culture. Domestic tourists enjoy guest accommodation as it gives them the opportunity to experience local culture within the town they are visiting, and most of the time they will probably be eating out at restaurants or pubs so they won’t need to be given 3 meals a day at their accommodation. Bed and breakfasts are a good option for domestic tourists as they won’t have to go out for breakfast but it gives them the chance to look around the town, eat out and enjoy their time. Inbound tourists may stay at guest accommodation if they are staying in a small town or village and want to see what the local culture is like. This would give them the opportunity to experience more than if they were to stay in a hotel as hotels can be quite impersonal, so by staying in guest accommodation they will feel more included and like they are getting a one-to-one experience with the staff of  the accommodation. Outbound tourists may stay at guest accommodation if they are traveling to the airport as it can be cheaper than a hotel. They would also not need the set meal times like you get at a hotel as they would probably be leaving early and would only be there for one meal. By this logic it would seem more appropriate if outbound tourists stayed at a bed and breakfast the day befor e travelling to a different country. Transport-road Cars Most cars in the UK are privately owned and are used for domestic day trip travel. This allows people to travel at their own pace and take their own route than if they were to take a coach or train. In addition, many people choose to hire a car when abroad, leading to the growth in the hire-car sector. Popular hire- car groups in UK include Hertz, Avis and Europcar have all expanded overseas and now have international operations. As the car-hire sector grows, the technology along with it does too. This means that it has now become easier and more convenient for customers as you can now pre-book by telephone or on-line. You also have the option for airport pick-up and drop-off and you also don’t need to drop it off at the same place that you picked it up (one way rental). There is also a wide range of vehicles available to suit a range of people and all insurances are included within a fixed price meaning that there are no hidden costs. Domestic tourists are most likely to use their own private car for travel as they will most likely be taking day trips and don’t want to have to limit themselves to what they can do because they have to be somewhere at a certain time to get home. Moreover, if they are spending longer in one place, for example a week, then they would also want their own private car so that they can go and do what they want and aren’t restricted to certain times due to public travel. Inbound tourists would hire a car if they wanted to travel and take small day trips during their visit to certain places and didn’t want to have to change bus or train to get to where they are going and take more time out of their day travelling rather than doing the things they want to. They may have brought their own car over from their home country if they travelled by ferry, such as from France. People travelling for business purposes might hire a car as their company would pay for it and they wouldn’t have to wait  for public transport or a taxi. Outbound tourists may use their own car if they are travelling by ferry and want to use a private car rather than use coaches with other people. However they may also use a hire car when travelling to the airport as they could drop it off at the car centre and won’t have to pay for their own car to be kept in the car park whilst they are away. Coaches Coaches today are very luxurious as they now can come with comfortable toilets, refreshments and DVD facilities. They have also adapted to meet customers changing needs, for example, a fly-coach option is now available so as to reduce the initial journey time, but have the benefit of coach travel for touring. There are several coach networks all over the UK for people to travel to different towns and cities and also into Europe; National express is a good example of this. By travelling by coach customers have the opportunity to see places that wouldn’t have seen if they travelling within a private car. Domestic tourists may use this option if they are not able to drive (pensioners) or unable to afford to drive (students). A coach option can be relatively cheap and you may not want to use your car whilst you are visiting another town so by travelling by coach you would spend less than if you were to travel by train, however it will take longer to travel by coach. Inbound tourists may use a coach so that they can go on tours and see more of the country or town that you are visiting. They may also use a coach to travel to their hotel or accommodation as this will be cheaper than taking a taxi. Moreover, they would also get more information about where they are staying and the places that they see than if you were to travel in a private hire-car. Outbound tourists would use a coach when travelling to the airport or their port that they are leaving by ferry as this means that they would not have to pay for their car to stay in a car park whilst they are away. They would also not have to pay for diesel or petrol bringing down their costs of travel even more. This would appeal to more people that lived far away from their travelling destination. Transport- rail The national network rail is own and run by Network Rail whose job it is to maintain the train lines and lay new tracks when needed. There are 29 Train-operating systems (TOCs) in the UK who lease their trains from rolling-stock companies and who compete for franchises to run each passenger service. The department of transport issues the franchises and also monitors the TOCs to make sure that everything is running well and that passengers are safe; they are also able to fine the TOCs if they don’t meet the agreed standards. TOCs are commercial companies and aim to make a profit such as Virgin Trains and South West Trains. However they do still receive grants from the government. Other aspects of the rail system are the London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and the Eurostar. Eurostar operates from St Pancras International in London and Ashford in Kent to Paris, Lille and Brussels transporting passengers through the channel tunnel. Eurostar is owned by London and Continental Railways, and run by a management company. Domestic tourists use the railway service when travelling either to a place quite far away as the train is the quickest land public transportation or when travelling through densely populated areas such as London as the streets can be too busy to use the roads and there is a congestion charge when using your car within central London. Travelling by train is a good option if you want to spend a day trip somewhere and it will take a while to get to if you uses the roads. Depending on where in the country you take the train and at what time (peak times) the price will vary so it can be relatively cheap if travelling from somewhere such as North Devon to Exeter on a Saturday morning, but quite expensive if travelling from London to Liverpool at 5 o’clock on a weekday. However the time it takes to travel by train is a lot less than by road so this option does appeal to people despite the price. Inbound tourists will not usually have a car or bus pass so the next option is to travel by train. If inbound tourists are travelling around somewhere like London, they have the option of travelling to almost anywhere in central and greater London. During the day prices can be quite cheap and a day ticket to use the London Underground for an adult is  £8.80, this relatively cheap to be able to travel at any time as many times needed in one day. Outbound tourists might use the rail service when travelling to the airport as it is the quickest way to travel there by land, this would decrease the initial travel time as travelling by road takes longer. There are many trains travelling all over the country making it easy for anyone to get to anywhere they need by taking multiple train lines, this makes it  easier for people that are travelling from quite far to reach the airport or ship port. Outbound tourists from the UK may also use the Eurostar to travel from London to France as it is cheaper than flying. The Eurostar is quite luxurious as there are comfy chairs, a bar to get food and drink and comfortable toilets seats. Travel-sea The UK is an island surrounded by water so transport by sea as always been an important art of the travel and tourism industry. Ferries The English Channel used to be the main mode of transport to the continent cross the sea; however 50% of the market was taken by the channel tunnel, but passenger ferries have also had some of the market taken by low-cost airlines offering cheap fares. It is often cheaper to fly and hire a car rather than taking your own vehicle. Dover is the biggest port in the UK and in 1997 over 21 million passengers passed through it; however, by 2003 numbers had declined to just under 15 million and have not since increased. Other ferry operators within the Channel include Sea France and Brittany Ferries. Brittany Ferries operates on longer routes to France and Spain, for example Poole to Cherbourg, Plymouth to Santander and Portsmouth to Caen, St Malo or Cherbourg. Ferries also travel to the Channel Islands, for example Jersey and Guernsey. One of the main companies offering transport across the Channel is P&O, as some operators such as Hoverspeed and Speedferries have ceased operating. Not all ferry travel is across the Channel, some other are: Stranraer to Belfast Fleetwood to Larne Fishguard to Rosslare Holyhead to Dun Laoghaire Hull to Zeebrugge Hull to Rotterdam Holyhead to Dublin Pemboke to Rosslare Douglas to Liverpool Ryde to Portsmouth Domestic tourists would use ferries when travelling within their own country,  for example if you live within the UK you may take a ferry from St Mawes to Falmouth or Liverpool to London. A ferry may be used as it can be quicker than travelling by car and you have the option of taking your vehicle with you. Ferries are a good way to travel if taking a day trip if you are travelling to a small island off the coast. They can also be a way of cutting time off of your travel if you are travelling by car as you may need to get from one end of the coast to another and the mouth of a river is in the way, for example if you are travelling from Falmouth to St Mawes. Inbond tourists might use ferries as a way of travelling around the country when travelling close to water. They could also be used when giving tours, for example: if an inbound tourists visiting the UK wanted to go on a tour of london and see some of the sights, they might take a ferry as this would give a tour of all of the attractions by the river Thames; this is considered a scenic route as you wouldn’t have to worry about the congestion on the roads. Outbound touristsmight use ferries to travel to a different country; such as someone travelling from the UK to France, they would use the channel ferry to travel from the country. A ferry might also be used by outbound tourists when travelling to the airport or dock to leave the country. This would mostly be used by people who are travelling by public transport in areas surrounded by water as this would not be applicable to someone who lived in greater London travelling to heathrow airport, however this would be an option for someone who lived on an island or across a large river, for example: if you live on the isle of wight. Cruises The cruise industry is enjoying steady growth and as a result of this companies are investing in new liners. Some of the new ships include the Azura, Queen Elizabethand Seabourn Odyssey introduced in 2010. May cruise companiesyou may have heard of are P&O Cruises, Cunard, Royal Caribbean and Princess. In 2008 the number of Europeans taking cruise holiday reached an all-time high, with the UK topping the list with the greatest number of cruise passengers, reaching 1.5 million.Cruise companies are doing their best to reach new markets, such as families and younger people, rather than just the older age groups who traditionally take cruises. If there is a business failure then the Passenger Shipping Association (PSA) provides finanicial protection to their customers. River cruises are also growing in  popularity especially those on the rivers Rhine, Moselle, Danube and the Nile. Domestic tourists may use cruises when travelling around their own country and wanting to see other places along the coast. This would seem a more appealing option than travelling by coach or car as they would have activities to do on board whilst traveling to the next destination rather than being stuck in one position, they would also have somewhere to sleep on board whilst still travelling rather thyan having to stop at night and finding somewhere to stay. This would also cut time off of the trip as a whole. Inbound tourists may use a cruise when visiting another country to visit more places during their trip rather than staying in one place. This would be a good option for anyone who wants to see lots of different sights and visit different places. Cruises will also allow people to relax whilst travelling usually by a swimming pool or doing activities, this is a good option for families as sometimes the children want to just play rather than looking around a town, so it is a good way for families to have the option. Outbound tourist may use a cruise when leaving the country to travel to another country. People will travel to a dockland around the UK such as in Portsmouth, Liverpool or Dover and pick up a cruise ship to start their journey. They would visit different countries and leave those countries on the ship, most of the tourists time would be spent on the ship as all of their possessions are on the ship as well as a room and catering. However when visiting another country a day or two would be spent exploring the towns and experiencing the local culture and then returing to the ship at a certain time I order to leave and visit the next destination. Transport-Air Airports The major organisation in airport ownership in the UK is the British Airport Authority (BAA); it is owned by Airport Development and Investment (ADI) Limited. BAA owns the airports at: London Heathrow London Stansted Glasgow Edinburgh Aberdeen Southampton Naples (65% stake) Over 140 million people travel through the six BAA airports every year in the UK. They also have stakes in other airports outside the UK, plus retail management contracts at two airports in the USA. Regional airports have grown in popularitywith airports such as Leeds Bradford and East Midlands offering many short-haul flights. An airport provides products and services to various groups of people and businesses, this can be complex but profitable. Some examples of the products and services provided by an airport are: Airlines are provided with the space and services to operate their flights. Customers are provided facilites such as restaurants and shops. Other businesses are provided with a location in which they can operate, for example, car hire,retailing or groung handling. The airports work hard to keep all of its groups and customers happy whilst earning revenue. Domestic tourists may use an airport when wanting to travel to a different destination by using a range of airlines, coach, bus or train. There are a range of travel options from an airport as they all interlink to make travelling easier for tourists, this is because airports are one of the most popular destinations within a country where tourists from the same country and internationally meet making it the perfect place to have a range of travelling options available at the tourists’ disposal. Inbound tourists use an airport when entering another country; this is where they gain entry to that country by going through immergration and having their passports checked. There is also the option for partaking in some duty free shopping, having something to eat or continuing on the tourists’ travels. There is the option for joining a conecting flight, taking a train, hiring a car or using another form of transport. Outbound tourists may use an airport when traveling out of the country by airplane. Here they are checked in with their chosen airline and have the opportunity to do some duty free shopping just like if you were travelling from Heathrow airport from terminal 5. Here, the customer would have access to over 40 stores with duty free shopping along with a selection of restaurants and cafes before boarding their British Airways flight to wherever they are travelling to. Airlines All UK airlines are privately owned. British Airways (BA) is one of the most famous airlines in the world and is the largestin the UK and in terms of  international scheduled services. It flies to more than 200 worldwide , however, in 2009 its passenger numbers had fallen by 4.3% due to the recession. British Airways main bases are at the London airports Gatwick and Heathrow terminal 5. The airline’s products include four different types of cabin service ranging from Economy to Club World. Other major UK airlines include British Midland and Virgin Atlantic, these are scheduled airlines; there are also many charter airlines such as Monarch and Thompson, however, Monarch also operates a a sechuled service. Hundreds of other airlines from all over the world fly in and out of UK airports, paying for the services they use. Domestic tourists may use airlines if they want to travel within the same country but want a fast alternative to driving. Such as traveling within the UK from london to Edingburgh with Virgin Atlantic from  £90 return ticket. By travelling by plane the use of a vehicle to travel to their destination would not be needed. With the cost of petrol/deisel to travel by car, plus food and other neccessities when travelling this would cost almost the same as flying, therefore if someone wants to spend more time in edingburgh for their trip rather then travelling then this is a good option. Inbound tourists would use an airline when entering another country by plane. They would have had the option to purchase food or products on the plane when flying to their destination. They would of also received a good level of customer service when flying to the country to make sure that the customer has had the best experience possible and will hopefully fly again with that airline. Outbound tourists would use an airline when leaving a country to visit another. The first point of contact for them would be at check-in inside the airport, they would not have contact with that airline staff again until boarding where they will take their seats on the plane. A safety presentation will be given to the passengers on board the plane, they will then be offered food and products to purchase on the aircraft. The whole time they have contact with any of the staff from the airline they will be judging them on their customer service skills and their overall experience flying with that company, this will determine if the airline gets repeat customers or not, how popular they are to consumers and their market share within the airline industry. Low-cost airlines The idea behind low-cost airlines is too keep costs as low as possible, with  few or no ‘extras’ on offer to the customer without further charge, this is so the low-cost operators can offer cheap flights. The low-cost airlines are scheduled airlines, for example easyjet and Ryanair. Domestic tourists may use a low-cost airline if they are taking a short-haul flight as they wouldn’t need any extras, eliminating most or all hidden costs. Most of the time holdall baggage would not be needed cutting down the time spent at the airport. This is a good option for people travelling for business purposes as it is quicker with less hassle to claim baggage when entering arrivals at the customers destination. Inbound tourists would use a low-cost airline if they wanted to pay less for flights. By doing this more money can be spent on accommodation or used for spending on their trip. Also with less baggage in the holdall there will be less people trying to get their bags at baggage claim making it easier for inbound tourists to get their bags and leave. Outbound tourist may use a low-cost airline as they would spend less time at the airport as the airline want to keep costs down. This means that the waiting time to board the plane would be cut down resulting in the travel time being cut down. Regulation of air travel Te Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is an independent statutory body who regulates the UK aviation sector. The Air Travel Users Council (AUC) is the UK’s consumer council for air travellers; it recieves its funding from the CAA. Its job is to act as the independent representative for air passengers and aims to assist the CAA in helping the interests of passengers. National Air Traffic Services (NATS) is responsible for air traffic control. It is a public/private partnership owned by the government and looks after the UK airspace, but also the eastern part of the North Atlantic. NATS handles more than 2 million flights a yea, carrying over 220 million passengers. The major air traffic control centres are at Swanick in Hampshire and Prestwick in Ayrshire, but there are also contrl services at the country’s major airports. Domestic tourists, inbound tourists and domestic tourists would all be interested with the AUC as they look out for air passengers and make sure that the CAA are keeping an interest with their assengers no matter where they are traveling from or visiting. Attractions The UK officially has 6500 visitor attractions which are important to both the domestic tourism market and the inbound tourism market. There are hundreds of different types of attractions, however they can be divided as follows. Natural Attractions These include beaches, lakes and landscapes; in order to protect them some are designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs), National Parks or Heritage Coasts. Domestic tourists visit these natural attractions as day trips because it is a cheap way to have a day out. These attractions are a good way to spend time with the family as you would only need to pay for petrol/deisel and food whereas with other attractions you have to pay for entry, food, drinks and travel. It is also a way to experience nature at its best as when living in a city or town natural attractions are hard to come by. Inbound tourists may visit natural attractions as a way to experience the culture, countryside and the nature at a low cost. Outbound tourists wuld not visit a natural attraction if they were leaving the country, however they might visit one before they leave the country. Heritage Attractions In the UK there is a range of historic houses, often cared for by the National Trust or English Heritage. There are also museums and galleries such as Tate Britain and Tate Modern, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the National History Museum in London and the National Media Museum in Bradford. Domestic tourists visit heritage attractions as a way to see the history within their own country. Most museums are free and are a great learner resource for schools and people who have an interest within a certain subject matter. Inbound tourists would visit heritage attractions to learn about that countries history and culture. Most are free or charge a small fee but it is a great day out and is a popular option for most tourists. Domestic tourists would only visit a heritage attraction before they left to travel to a different country. Purpose-built Attractions Purpose-built attractions can be historic also, such as museums as most are purpose-built. Some popular purpose-built attractions include theme parks, for example the theme park Thorpe Park. Domestic tourists may visit a theme park for a day out with friends and family as a treat as some can be really expensive to visit. However, most theme parks give you special deals such as a child under a certain age/height can enter for free, for example, thorpe park offers you a bounce back pass where you visit the park one day at full price but can purchase a pass to get to in the following day at a reduced rate. They also offer you the chance to purchase a merlin pass that can get you into a range of attractions around the UK for free when you purchase the pass. Inbound may visit a theme park for a day trip with children a a special day ouut. However some people visit a country just to go to a theme park such as Disney World or Disney Land. These holidays can cost a lot but are a good source of income for the parks. Outbound tourists may visit a purpose-built attraction before they leave a country to visit another. Events Events such as the Edingburgh Festival and the Notting Hill Carnivalnattract many visitors. There are events in the business tourism sector too, such as the World Travel Market. Domestic tourists visit festivals and carnivals as they enjoy the atmosphere that surrounds the event and is a great day out. Some events are a great way to raise money to a certain cause or even to produce revenue. The Notting Hill Carnival is very famous for bringing together lots of different ethnicities to one event as celebrating how diverse London is, this attracts many tourists both Domestic and Inbound. Domestic tourists may visit an event before leaving the country. Associations The British Association of Leisure Parks, Piers and Attractions (BALPPA) was founded in 1936, it is non-profit-making whose role is to represent the interests of owners, managers, suppliers and developers in the UK’s commercialleisure parks, piers, zoosand static attractions sector. The international Association of Amusements Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) is a similar organisation to BALPPA, but it is an international association and has members all over the world. The association promotes safe operations, global development, proffesional growth and commercial success in the amusement industry. Domestic, Inbound and Outbound tourists would all be interested in the IAAPA as this effects attractions all over the world, but only tourists who visit attractions in the UK would be interested with the BALPPA. Tour Operators The role of tour operator is to put together all the different components that make up a holiday and sell them to the consumer as package deals. They make contracts with hoteliers, airlines and other transport companies to produce these package deals, these are then described in a brochure which is distributed either to travel agents or directly to customers. Mass-market tour operators Mass-market tour operators dominated the outbound market for years, these include: Thomson, First Choice and Thomas Cook. Thomson and First Choice both belong t the parent company TUI. These major tour operators were considered to be mass-market tour operators as they sold similar holidays in packages that appealed to the majority of holidaymakers. However, specialist tour opperators sold more individually tailored holidays or specialised in one destination or activity, but today, many large tour operators also offer many specialist products. TUI AG is the largest travel group in the world, which does not just include tour operators. Thomson, for example, is also a travel agency brand and an airline; First Choice has a major travel agent in its portfolio and its own branded airline. First choice offers holidays in destinations such as Majorca, Menorca, the Canaries, Spain, Turkey, Greece and the Caribbean. Winter sports destinations include France, Austria, Italy, Andorra, Bulgaria a nd Switzerland. Thomas Cook also has travel agencies, airlines and hotels as well as tour operator brands. Tour perators that offer air-inclusive packages are required by law to have Air Travel Organisers’ Licence (ATOL). This scheme protects air travellers and package holiday makers from losing money or being stranded abroad if air travel firms go out of business. When a tourist books a holiday the cost of this financial protection is included in the price. Any package firm that includes a flight should by law hold a licence. Domestic tourists may use a tour operator when visiting a part of their own country that they have never seen before. They could then have a guided tour around an area that they want to visit and know more about. Inbound tourists may use a tour operator to help with their arrival to a new country, helping them to settle into their accommodation. They would also be given a tour of the local sights giving tourists an idea of things to do during their visit. Outbound  tourists may use tour operators when travelling to their destination to leave the country as they would not have to find their own travel to the airport or docklands. Specialist tour operators Some tour operators specialise in particular destination, or a product, such as a diving holiday. Specialist tour operators respond well to the trend for tailor-made holidays with their specialist products. Some tour operators specialise in a certain destination, for example, Anatolian Sky specialises in holidays in Turkey. Inbound tour operators cater for the needs of overseas visitors to the UK, an example is British Tours Ltd, which claims to be the longest-established inbound operator. It offers tours for different group sizes and has a ide variety of products icluding a Harry Potter tour. These tours are available in many languages. Domestic tour operators specialise in holidays within the UK for Uk residents, they include coach companies which place advertisments in the local newspapers. Similar to outbound operators they offer beach, city, touring and special-interest holidays. Tour operators association UKinbound is the trade body which represents tour operators and tourism suppliers to the UK. It was founded in 1977 to represent the commercial and political interests of incoming tour operators and suppliers to British inbound tourism industry. It is a non-profit-making body governed by an elected council and funded by its members and from revenue-generating activities. The Assocciation of Independent Tour Operators (AITO) is an organisation which represents 160 of the UK’s specialist tour operators. AITO members are independent companies, most of which are owner-managed, specialising in particular destinations or types of holiday. The Federation of Tour Operators (FTO) is an organisation for outbound tour operators, its aim is to ensure the long term success of the air-inclusive holiday. Members pay annual subscribtion based on the size of their organisation. The FTO produces health and safty guidelines for tour operators. The FTO has always worked very closely with ABTA and the two organisation merged in 2008 to become ABTA- The Travel Association. Travel agents The role of a travel agent is to give advice and information to sell bookings  for a number of tour operators. They also sell flights, ferry bookings, car hire, insurance and accommodation as separate products. Travel agents may operate through: Retail shops Business shops A call centre The internet Most travel agents are part of a multiple chain and these dominate the market. Chains such as Thomson and Thomas Cook are linked to tour operators and may try to prioritise their own company’s products. ABTA- The travel assocciation has operators as members, in 3009 it had over 900 members and represented over 5000 travel agencies. There has been a reduction in the amount of agency branches in the past few years as customers choose to buy travel and tourism products through other means, particularly through travel websites. Business travel agents Business travel agents specialise in the business market, they aim to handle all travel arrangements for large companies. ‘Implants’ are travel agents located within another business, they set up office within a company so that they are on hand to deal with travel arrangements for the company’s personnel. Doomestic, inbound and outbound tourists would only use a business travel agent if their was one within the company that they worked for and they were travelling for business needs. Call centres More and more customers are booking holidays over the telephone or online rather than bu visiting a travel agent. Call centres are normaly in out-of-town areas where the rent and labour is cheaper, some companies have relocated to India to take advantage of the low costs.Some call centres are operator or airline owned and sell on behalf of that company only, others are specialist call centres and handle calls and bookings for many companies. Call centres rely on high staff productivity to be successful, they motivate staff through incentives such as bonuses on sales targets reached. Call answering time, call durations, sales and complaints ratios are carefully monitored. Domestic, Inbound and Outbound tourists would all use a call centre when booking a holiday as it can be less hassle then going  into a travel agents centre. On-line travel agents Websites are the most up-to-date means of distributing travel and tourism products and services. Domestic, Inbound aand Outbound tourists would all use on-line travel agents as, similar to call centres, it can be less hassle than going into travel agents centre. It is also easier to compare prices and deals. Tourism development and promotion The development and promotion of tourism in the UK is mostly undertaken by organisations in the public sector such as VisitBritain and VisitWales. Within the public sector in the UK, the Developmet for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) is responsible for supporting the tourism industry at a national level. The Department for Transport looks after avition, railways, roads and the London Underground. The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) has responsibility for sector skills councils and training organisations. The department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) is responsible for issues affecting the countryside, wildlife and waterways. The UK has four tourist boards: VisitBritain, VisitScotland, the Northern Ireland Tourist Board (NITB) and VisitWales. VisitBritain reports to the DCMS; VisitWales reports to the National Assembly for Wales and VisitScotland reports to the Scottish Executive. The NITB reports to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The overseas offices work closely with British diplomatic and cultural staff, the local travel trade and media, to stimulate interest in the UK. Another example of the role of VisitBritain is its campaign to persuade high-spending tourists to come to the UK, it is imortant that inbound tourists spend money and boost the UK economy. Regional Development Agencies (RDAs) RDA’s have responsibility for tourism in their regions and usually work closely with Regional Delivery Partners (RDPs). There are nine RDAs in England; an RDA has a regional economic and regional economic and regional tourism strategy. RDPs are responsible for delivering the strategies, sometime the partners are tourists boards with a different name to explain what they do. An example is VisitManchester, an organisation that looks  after tourism development, business tourism, leisure touriism and isitor services in Manchester. The government replaced RDAs with local economic partnerships (LEPs), this happened in March 2012 with the LEPsto cover smaller areas than the RDAs. Local Authority tourism development Local Authorities play an important part in supporting the tourism industry because tourism is a major contributor towards the economy. Most towns have have a Tourist Inormation Centre (TIC) subsidised by the local council. The TIC provies a full information service for both residents and visitors, it gives information on visitor attractions and on accommodations. It usually provides a booking service for accommodation and often incorporates a shop selling localy made crafts and gifts, as well as books of local interest. The shop is a way of generating funds for the local community. Trade associations and regulatory bodies The Association of Independent Tour Operations (AITO), and other trade associations and regulatory bodies have a role to play in development and promotion. They represent the interests of their members and help them operate successfully in business. Ancillary services This term refers to organisations that do not have a direct role in travel and tourism, but play a supporting role. Examples include insurance companies that offer travel insurance and car parks operators that provide parking facilities at airports as well as in other locations.

The Fourteenth Amendment Ended Slavery - 1603 Words

After the Civil War, the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendment were added to our constitution in order to protect the civil rights of Americans. The thirteenth amendment ended slavery. The fourteenth tells us that all persons born here are natural citizens, as well as states the rights and protection of both citizens and non-citizens under the law. The fifteenth amendment protects a citizen’s right to vote. These were reinforced by the civil rights acts between 1865 and 1875. These acts allowed the President to enforce these acts with armed forces, criminal penalties to those who would interfere with the right to vote or any of these other rights, and penalties to those who would deny equal enjoyment to public accommodations. Unfortunately, many civil rights court cases, and barriers were put in place to undermine the legislation these amendments and acts were meant to create and the rights they were made to protect. This changed in 1954 when Brown v. Board of Educat ion of Topeka stated that segregation of schools violates the equal protection act of the fourteenth amendment. This eventually led to several other civil rights movements during the 1950s and 60s. By this time, Congress was finally compelled to pass legislation to support the civil rights movement. This included the Civil rights act of 1964, which banned discrimination on the bases of color, race, religion, gender, and national origin. The Voting act of 1965, which outlawed tests discriminatory testsShow MoreRelatedAmendments846 Words   |  4 PagesThe Thirteenth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, and Fifteenth Amendment all have had a major impact on the United States of America from the beginning. These three amendments have changed our country immensely for the better. The Thirteenth Amendment officially abolished slavery, and is still illegal till this day. The Fourteenth Amendment stated that if you were born in the United States of America you were officially an American cit izen no matter race. The Fifteenth Amendment banned each governmentRead MoreThe Importance of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifthteenth Amendendments1493 Words   |  6 PagesThe Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments of The United States Constitution were important for implementing a total reconstruction of America and the blessings of of liberty to everyone that lived within the borders or our country. These ideas of equality would be reached out to the entire population including but not limited to slaves and their descendants and all American Citizens. These Amendments were especially important to African Americans and minorities who were the main victimsRead MoreAttempts to Mends the Nation During the Reconstruction Era815 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom: What would be the conditions of readmitting the Confederate States back into the Union? Who would be tasked with creating the terms, Congress or the President? What was to become of the Confederate leaders? What labor system would be replacing slavery? What would former slaves social status be (Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia, 2008)? In the end, three different plans emerged to try and reconstruct the Union and Confederacy back into the United States of America. President LincolnRead MoreA Brief Note On The Civil War And Its Impact On Women s Rights1461 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s Suffrage and Labor Rights: An Analysis of the Civil War and Its Impact on Women’s Rights In 1865, four brutal years of the Civil War ended, and Congress passed three amendments that eliminated slavery, gave citizenship to everyone born in the United States, protected people’s rights to due process, required equal protection under the law, and guaranteed voting rights to all American men. However, African American men were still segregated in terms of housing, work, equal pay, and schoolingRead MoreReconstruction After Civil War Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pagesfederal government passed a series of laws, acts and amendments to bring change. Many of these amendments guaranteed the equal rights to African-Americans. Yet, the question was still that is reconstruction successful? The topic of reconstruction is still very debatable even today. Although there are more facts that would prove reconstruction to be very much successful, there is also evidence that would prove it to be unsuccessful. The Civil War ended on April 9, 1865. Abraham Lincoln was the presidentRead MoreSlavery And United States Rights1133 Words   |  5 PagesSlavery and states’ rights were the most pressing issues in the 1860 presidential election. Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won the presidency on the basis of his promise to halt the spread of slavery (Hillstrom). However, not all African Americans lived in slavery. African Americans that lived in freed states had to deal with strict laws that limited their conduct and behavior. Children who lived in northern states were able to receive their education, convicts could serve their sentences,Read MoreThe United States And The Civil War1622 Words   |  7 Pagesunion is in favor for everyone in this country because of the unjust events that have taken places within this country such as slavery. I believe the U.S. Constitution purpose only applies to those who are in higher power. The Civil War started because of unbending differences be tween the free and slave states over the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in the territories that had not yet become states. So, I believe that The Civil War and Reconstruction helped Americans to startRead MoreThe Constitution Of The American South After The Civil War1369 Words   |  6 PagesAmendments are put in place to make changes to the U.S. Constitution to adapt a regulation or expand on the rights of individuals and groups of people. Two amendments that play a significant role in the United States Constitution to this very day are the 13th and 14th amendments. These amendments are known as the reconstruction amendments because the documents were important in implementing the Reconstruction of the American South after the Civil War. Their advocates saw them as transforming theRead MoreChallenges Of Radical Reconstruction748 Words   |  3 Pageshis proclamation of 1863 would only call for the release of slaves in Confederate states still in rebellion with the U.S. It would take two more years for slaves to be granted their freedom. In 1865, The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution would permanently end slavery. However, this did not stop some southern states from passing laws limiting the freedom of freemen. An example of this would be in 1865 when the Mississippi Legislature passed Acts Relating to the Freedpeople whichRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : The Goals Of Douglass And Lincoln943 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Reconstruction period. They shared a common goal of trying to abolish slavery, however, Douglass and Lincoln did have different goals as well that they believed were priorities. Douglass’s goal was to have equality and equal rights among the races and Lincoln’s main goal was to unify the Union after the destruction caused by the Civil War. The nation did achieve Douglass and Lincoln’s shared goal of abolishing slavery and Lincoln did manage to unify the Union after a lot of hard work but did

Bronfenbrenners Ecological Theory of Development Essay

BRONFENBRENNERS ECOLOGICAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT Bronfenbrenners Ecological Theory of Development Jermor Simmons Capella University #8195; Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Abstract 3 Method 4 Results 4 References 5 #8195; Abstract The development and growth of an individual is within the constraints of the social environment (Jordan 183). Bronfenbrenners theory that development is influenced by experiences arising from broader social and cultural systems as well as a childs immediate surroundings. Ecological Systems Theory, also called Development in Context or Human Ecology theory, specifies four types of nested environmental systems, with bi-directional influences within and between the systems.†¦show more content†¦For example, an individual usually acts differently within his or her own family than within a classroom. The person may speak more often at home, be less goal-oriented, and, almost certainly, will not sit at a desk for hours on end. Other things being equal, according to Bronfenbrenner, when the relation between different microsystems is a compatible one, development progresses more smoothly. A common example of this is the relationship between home and school. When role expectations ar e similar in both settings, e.g., try your hardest, do your own work, be on time, etc., children will be expected to perform better than if role expectations differ substantially from one setting to the next. The microsystem is described as the settings in which an individual lives. Family had played a big role in my entrance into graduate school, because I would be the first person in my family to enter graduate school and complete it. The mesosystem direct impact on my entrance into graduate school is a little complicated, because I was raised by my grandmother, whom worked very hard to make sure we had a place to lay our head and a table to eat at. She didnt have time for all the parent teacher conferences and any sports I was involved in. So the connection between home and school was very seldom unless I did something wrong and she had to come up to the school. The exosystem direct impact on me entering graduate school didnt play aShow MoreRelatedBronfenbrenners Ecological Theory of Development1479 Words   |  6 Pagesdecision HS5002 Survey of Research in Human Development and Behavior Bronfrenbenner’s Ecological Theory Urie Bronfrenbenner (1971-2005) created the ecological theory based on different levels to indicate how a child’s environment affects his/her development as well as minor and major life decisions. Bronfenbrenner categorized his theory into four levels: the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, and the macrosystem. Each level of the theory plays a role in the decision making process andRead MoreThe Effects of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory Kathleen A. Gebert Capella University Abstract Urie Bronfenbrenner Ecological Theory suggests that child growth and development started and ended with a layer of ecological systems. The systems consists of microsytem (family or classroom), meosystem (two microsystem interacting such as neighborhood and family), exosystem (external environments that affect a child’s growth i.e. parents workplace), macrosystem (the larger society cultural environment)Read MoreBronfenbrenner s Theory Of Human Development1673 Words   |  7 PagesBronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Background The study and research of human development has always been intriguing and intensive. There are five perspectives commonly discussed: psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive, contextual, and evolutionary/sociobiological. Those who follow the contextual perspective believe that development can be understood only in its social context. Also, they observe the individual as an inseparable component of the environment. Psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner isRead MoreThe Bronfenbrenner Theory Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe composition of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory cultivate a framework to study the numerous connections between the developing child from mother and father relationships to the environment, community settings, cultural influences and financial factors. The four levels of environmental stimuli the micro- , meso- , exo- and macrosystems, each intermingled within one another representing degrees of personal connections. Change and constancy are mediated by t he passage of time. The chronosystemRead MoreJuno Developmental Theories898 Words   |  4 Pagesgive it up for adoption, Juno’s journey centers around the result of that decision. There are a number of developmental theories that can be applied to Juno’s journey, however the one that will be expounded upon in this paper will be Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory. According to Bronfenbrenner’s theory there are five different layers of an individual’s personal development. These layers are composed of multiple varying factors of universal values, societal customs, and governing laws. AnRead MoreExamples Of Bronfenbrenners Ecological Model1341 Words   |  6 PagesBronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model Tommy G. Maher, Jr. Bakersfield College CHDV B42 Fall 2017 October 29th, 2017 Abstract Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems model describes four (4) systems that work intricately within each other, similar to a circle of rings, which influence human development. With the individual positioned at the center of the model encompassed by these four (4) rings, each ring acts as a different context by dictating the way in which the individual behaves, developsRead MoreRelations of Urie Bronfenbrenner the Ecological Systems Theory to the â€Å"Growing up in New Zealand† 1137 Words   |  5 Pagesone developmental theory; and discuss its relevance in relation to findings from the â€Å"Growing up in New Zealand† study. I have chosen Urie Bronfenbrenner the Ecological Systems Theory. I will look at the findings of the Now We Are Born Report that has collated study cohort data from birth to 9 months old (Morton, Atatoa-Carr, Grant, Lee, Bandara, Mohal, Kinloch†¦et al 2012). I will discuss how two finding relate to Brofenbreener’s model. Urie Bronfenbrenner: Ecological System Theory Urie BronfenbrennerRead MoreThe Ecological Systems Theory Developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner1314 Words   |  5 Pagesand development. The Ecological Systems theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner exposes these influences and discusses how they can either have a positive or negative impact on the relationship children have with their parents, peers and community. In an ever-changing occupation, it is important that theories can first be practically used throughout the industry, and also adapted easily when changes are made throughout time. Developed in 1979 by Urie Bronfenbrenner the Ecology Systems Theory focusesRead MoreThe Cultural And Contextual Impacts Of A Child s Development Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesPiaget, Gesell, Erikson are all theorists that looks and discusses the development of a child. Each theorist looks at the different domains of a child’s development. Piaget looks at the cognitive development, Gesell looks at the physical and Erikson looks at the emotional development. Bronfenbrenner’s theory will also be looked at as it examines the cultural and contextual impacts of a child’s development. Ruby will be the child that will be looked in this essay. She is in the early childhood stageRead MoreBronfenbrenners Ecological Model757 Words   |  4 PagesCHDV B42 Child, Family, and Community Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory of development is relevant to state of all our lives. His research shows how our development is affected by the environment we are in. This is explained to us in five different parts. Urie Bronfenbrenner proposes an ecological theory that centers on the relationship between the developing individual and the changing environmental systems. This theory is broken down into a model of five

Essay on Natural Gas Fracking Risks - 1519 Words

Natural gas is said to be one of the most popular forms of energy today. In the past, often left undeveloped and wasted, it was once considered â€Å"unusable† and â€Å"worthless†, compared to oil. In order to try to break our country’s dependence on foreign oil supplies, we have begun to dip into our own natural gas supply. Natural gas is found underground, and is produced when trapped gas is released above ground. Hydraulic fracturing or fracking is a process that extracts natural gas from the ground. As harmless as the billion dollar producing oil companies would want us to believe, environmental groups, scientists, and average citizens have raised concerns about the negative impact of hydraulic fracking on the environment and†¦show more content†¦As more and more natural gas locations are sprouting up so close to home, it makes sense to explore the risks proven to be associated with fracking. Groundwater polluting of communities near natural gas drilling sites, has been linked to fracking. â€Å"At least 15 water-wells in Rosebud, Alberta, have gone bad since EnCana Corporation fracked into their aquifer in search of shale gas in 2004† (Nelson 25). By fracking into the aquifer, the chemicals used in the process undoubtedly contaminated the drinking water of the area. Nelson also reports of Rosebud resident, Jessica Ernst and her family’s experience with fracking. Ms. Ernst stated that Encana gas told her family that they would never fracture near her family’s aquifer. By 2005, Ms. Ernst says that her water started going bad, she was receiving horrible burns and rashes from showering, and her dogs refused to drink the water so that is when she began to pay attention (Nelson 25). It is a horrible thought that a person could get burnt taking a shower in their own home or not be able to provide their pets safe water to drink. â€Å" In 2006, Ernst decided to go public, showing reporters how she could set fire to her tap water, and speaking out about the industry† (Nelson 25). â€Å"One gas company recently bought out the town of Dimock, Pennsylvania, for $4.1 million because fracking made the water completely undrinkable† (Nelson 26). It makes one wonder how large drillingShow MoreRelatedFracking : A Controversial Controversy1486 Words   |  6 PagesFracking is a highly controversial practice that utilizes the injection of water, chemicals and abrasives to extract relatively inaccessible pockets of natural resources. Although fracking has the potential to benefit the domestic economy, the practice of hydraulic fracturing, if left unregulated and mismanaged poses significant risks to the environment, the ecosystem and safety. Fracking has become a highly controversial and publicized topic in recent years due to rising concerns into the potentialRead MoreThe Economic Report On Fracking, Is It Worth It?1465 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Report Fracking, is it Worth it? Ron Withall Business 630, Dr. Lynn Reaser SUBJECT Our dependence on foreign oil and natural gas has created a vulnerability affecting our national security and economic stability. Up until this past decade there was an appreciable decline in our oil and natural gas production in the US and we were tied to world market price fluctuations. Oil prices and natural gas prices rose and fell based on OPEC’s and other large oil and natural gas producers’ productionRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing Is Risky And Dangerous For The Environment1153 Words   |  5 Pagesresidents of Flint did. Well there is. Everywhere there is Hydraulic Fracturing, there is a risk that your tap water will become polluted. Hydraulic Fracturing is risky and dangerous for the environment and not worth the benefits of natural gas. Hydraulic Fracturing is a process that involves drilling a well and injecting water at high speeds to break up rocks and minerals underground and allows natural gas to flow out to be collected, according to Hydraulic Fracturing Should be Banned written byRead MoreFracking Boom : How Fracking Ignited American Energy Revolution And Changed The World Essay741 Words   |  3 PagesNatural gas is the transitional fuel that is cleaner than coal and oil that has been experiencing a boom in the United States for the last few decades. Natural gas is most familiar to us in the form of heating and cooking on gas ranges. It is abundantly available and modern technology has made it much more accessible and cheaper than other energy sources. Hydraulic fracturing, known short as fracking, is the combination of technology with water and chemicals, and high pressure, that breaks throughRead MoreThe Effects Of Fracking On Environmental Impacts On The Environment1094 Words   |  5 PagesSubstantial societal concerns regarding fracking s environmental impacts have been raised. Firstly, the water requirements are significant, with an average of 20 million litres used per well. This is 50-100 times more water than in conventional natural gas extraction. An increase in fracking may exacerbate current global water stress due to pollution, climate change and population growth (Kim 2014). In addition to this, the water mixtures used in fracking contain an average of 200 000 litres ofRead MoreA Brief Note On Environmental Injustice And Fracking1341 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 8, 2015 Environmental Injustice and Fracking Recently, North Carolina has been conducting pilot studies to determine whether or not hydraulic fracturing should be pursued in the state’s shale beds, a topic that causes much polarized debate. Hydraulic fracturing, otherwise known as â€Å"fracking,† uses water, sand, and chemicals to release natural gas from as far as 10,000 feet below the Earth’s surface. Supporters of fracking claim that natural gas is an ideal â€Å"bridge fuel† as the energy industryRead MoreFracking, The Splitting Decision : An Analysis1726 Words   |  7 PagesFracking, The Splitting Decision: An Analysis of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Fracking Abstract Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, is the process of drilling into the Earth and subsequently directly a high-pressure water, sand, and chemical mixture at shale rock to release the gas inside, out through the head of the well. Fracking allows firms to access previously inaccessible resources of oil and gas buried underneath the earth and hidden in the rocks. In the U.S., fracking has boostedRead MoreFracking : A Natural Source Of Clean Energy Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagescreate tiny fissures in the rocks that lie deep beneath the earth; The rocks then allows gas and oil to flow into the well. In fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, drillers inject water, chemicals, sand, or gravel, deep underground to crack open shale rock that can contain huge deposits of oil and gas. Combined with another technique known as horizontal drilling, which is exactly what it sounds like. Fracking is often used as an overall term to describe the whole process of shale energy developmentRead MoreFracking And The Gas Industry1573 Words   |  7 Pageshydraulic fracturing - a process for extracting natural gas- has spread rapidly across the United States. High volume hydraulic fracturing, or â€Å"fracking,† is a process in which water and chemicals are injected into shale formations underground in order to release trapped natural gas. As fracking spreads throughout the United States, there are more and more reported cases of contaminated drinking water and illness among citizens living near fracking sites. Even with these cases, it is still difficultRead MoreFracking : Fracking And Fracking1524 Words   |  7 Pages Hydraulic Fracturing Research Paper Hydraulic Fracturing (also commonly known as fracking) is a process used to extract natural gasses deep within the earth. This is done by drilling vertically into the ground until the desired depth; then drilling horizontally; and pumping millions of gallons of water, sand, and other chemicals into the drill at a high pressure to create fissures through which the gas can escape. Currently, hydraulic fracturing is extensively used in the United States in order

Some Are Employee Behavior And Motivation †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Are Values Of Employee Behavior? Answer: Introduction: Employee behaviour and motivation are some of the organizational concepts that have been studied by the researchers in order to know about the behaviour of the people at the workplace in different situations. Human resources have become the specialized department so that the employees can be managed at the workplace. The major concern of the human resource managers these days is related to the values and the behaviour of the people of different age at the workspace (Cennamo Gardner, 2008). This is because the people of different age groups have different requirements and need as well as different ways of working in the organizations. This study helps in understanding about the changing nature of work values at the workplace because of the difference in the age group of the people. This is because managers have to maintain the balance between the different generations employees who work together under a roof having different thinking processes. Values can be defined as the beliefs of the people that remain constant in different situations. The values of an individual form his personality and the way he works at the workplace (Twenge, Campbell, Hoffman Lance, 2010). There are many reasons that can affect the values of the person such as his upbringing, his cultural background, his family, the environment and the educational values of the arson. Values developed slowly and steadily among the individual. The experiences they go through in their lives may also affect their beliefs and the thought process for different situations. For instance, there are cases where an individual have different beliefs then his family such as the whole family of the individuals believes in God but he may be an atheist because of some of the situations he may have experiences (Adner Kapoor, 2010). Thus, experiences also play a great role in framing the values of the individuals. It has been analysed that different researchers have different views regarding the work values. Some argues that the personal values and work value have some kind of similarities in the structural aspect while other argues that work values can emerges when the personal values of the person have projection on the work that person is doing (Gursoy, Maier Chi, 2008). Work values are considered as the element that is the basis of the behaviour of an individual in the organization and various organizational factors also affect the work values of the people. It has been identified that the work values of the person should be the fundamental rights and wrongs that need to be articles at the workplace. There are two dimensions in which the values at the work can be assessed (Beutell Wittig-Berman, 2008). One dimension is the moral aspect of the value and the other dimension is the requirement of the value at the workplace. Importance of work values at the workplace: Work values have become a vary import part of workplace these days. This is because there are different generation that are working at the same workplace and the generation gap can be observed even in the gap of 5 years of age. Generation gap results in difference in the thinking process of the people at the workplace. Thus, or makes it difficult for the managers to manage such distinct people (Cogin, 2012). Examining the values at the workplace helps the managers to know about the intergroup differences in the groups that are working together in the organization. This information helps the HR manager to manage such employees who have different thinking and working process. Changing trends in the work values of generational groups: Difference in the generation affects the values that develop among the people. It has been identified that the social and the historical events affect the values of the groups in different generations. The theory of life span suggests that all the people generally experience same things at the same time of their life span. There are different developmental stages in the life span of the individuals and those stages provide them with different experiences that affect their beliefs at that point of time in their life. As similar situation are experienced by the people at similar age, it is possible that they develop same kind of values in their life span in accordance with the time. It has been analysed that the workers who are old may have received different types of training as compared to the younger ones (Guest, 2011). The concept of career has also changes and so as the thinking bad values of the people. In earlier times, people used to work for a single company for long period of time or for a life time as they feel committed towards their company but now people also thinks individually about their career and look for opportunities in the market now and then. Introduction of contractual jobs have reduced the concept of job security from the market and thus the trust between the companies and the employees have vanished. Work values and different generations: It has been analysed that very less research has been conducted on the topic of work values in different generations at the workplaces (Ng, Schweitzer Lyons, 2010). Some of the researchers have considered only the age factor in order to understand the value perspective and neglected the aspects of social and historical factors. Thus, it may give the decision or the result of only a single dimension of the concept. The group of employees or the generations of the employees have been divided into three categories such as baby boomers, generation X and millennial. Work values in baby boomers: These are the employees who are at the verge of their retirement or spending the last years of their life in the employment (Kowske, Rasch Wiley, 2010). It has been analysed that they are people whose motivation factors at the organization are job security and economic benefits. It has been stereotypes that these employees are hardworking and traditional in nature. Their traditional approach to work makes them believe in craftsmanship more than the younger workers. They want that the roles of the members should be clearly defined and a proper formal hierarchy needs to be followed in the organization as thus is their value. If they are at the higher position, they want the respect to an extent and if they are at lower post, they respect their higher authorities to a great extent. Any informal approach to these people may offend them as they think that behaving informally at the organization is not what they have accept what their values are (Parry, E., Urwin, P. (2011). Their values never support such kind of information behaviour at the workplace. The primary of object of employment for this kind of generation is to earn respect by sacrificing and working hard whole of their life at the organization rather than earning more wealth and money. They take job as their responsibility and believe in being committed to a single organization rather than switching their jobs for new and better opportunities. They are also stereotype are workaholics and may sacrifice their personal happiness for work responsibilities. They are more loyal to their organization as compared to the younger generation people. All the discussion suggests that their values are very clear at the workplace. It also suggests that they personal nature affects their values at the workplace as they feel that work are the prior responsibility for them. Generation X: This group of generation X are stereotyped as the group with selfish nature. Actually, the selfishness can be explained with the terns called in dependence and autonomy. This autonomy and independence is supported by the fact that the employees in this generation wants to be creative and wants to work with their own ways which is vary contrasting with the views of the baby boomers who believes in standard processes to be followed. This independency is also links with disloyalty of the employees who are in the category of generation X. this is because they look for opportunities or the creative opportunities and hence leads to stitching of jobs from one organization to another (Deal, Altman Rogelberg, 2010). The competition has increased now for the generation X people and thus they have to be competitive at the same time for grabbing the creative opportunities available in the market in order to grow in their career. The companies at the same time are also looking for the creative p eople rather than the committed people. With the change in the requirements of the companies, the change can be easily observed in the values of the generation X employees. It has been analysed that the employee who falls under the category of generation X usually change their jobs frequently. It has been analysed that change in the marketing situations and the companys strong policies force the employees in generation X to change their jobs so frequently (Angeline, 2011). The lack of commitment by the people of generation X is not clear. This is because they are the people who want job security and if they have job security than they remain committed to the organization for long time. If the organization is providing them enough opportunities to grow than the employees will not show this behaviour of non-commitment towards the company. As far as hierarchy and seniority are considered, it has been analysed that the employees from generation X does not believe in formal hierarchical organization. They believe in equality and open communication between the employees rather than following the process to communicate. They believe that the position of manager can filled by the competence of the employee and not just by their experience. They should earn their respect by their performance and not by their title. They want managers who are open in nature and believe in group growth rather than individuals growth. They want that their views should be considered at the time of making decisions. A positive side of the people from generation X has been observed. It has been identified that they are the people who believes in work life balance and they are capable of doing the same. Work values for Millennial: This is the generation group of the employee who wants more freedom from their working life as compared to above both generation groups. This generation is the mixture of mature baby boomers and the generation X people. The stereotype that has been formed for this group is being materialistic. It has been analysed that these are materialistic and can switch jobs if they get short term benefits in other organization (Kapoor Solomon, 2011). The employees of this generation are very fortunate as they are coming up with the technology and skills that are required by the organization. The organisation needs not to train them with the new and updated technology as they have already learnt the same in their universities. Thus, hiring such skilled workforce is very beneficial for the organization. These generations said to be violent in nature and want to have higher positions very early and thus switch their jobs in shirt term that might affect their career development in negative way. Thi s is because the companies cannot trust the employees who switch frequently. It has been analysed that in this generation, the candidates are available in large quantity but the jobs are not available that much thus it affect the employment level. Competition is very high and candidates have to be very effective and efficient in their skills to grab the jobs available (Lieber, 2010). The education level of these employees is too much high that their expectation from the work and life is so high. They are the rebellions and want freedom of speech. This is because they believe in sharing their views. Development of relationship and better working environment is very important for these people are very important. They look for the organization that provides tam with large benefits that helps them to maintain their life and work simultaneously (Stevens, 2010). This is because they are the people who want to live their life to the fullest ad look for money as well as comfort at the same time. They are hard as well as smart workers and have the social skills that help them to communicate with their managers properly. Conclusion: Changes in the trends of the work values can be easily observed in the above discussion. It has been analysed that it is not just the age factor that affect the values of the person but the social and historical development of the people also matters a lot (Tolbize, 2008). In the above discussion, the categorization is done in accordance with the age because most of the people go to the same situation at the similar time of their life span and this affect their life similarly. The mature baby boomers were more formal in their values as compared to the generation X groups. On the other hand, Millennial are considered as the rebellions that look for better opportunities and have entrepreneurial behaviour at their workplace. References: Adner, R., Kapoor, R. (2010). Value creation in innovation ecosystems: How the structure of technological interdependence affects firm performance in new technology generations.Strategic management journal,31(3), 306-333. Angeline, T. (2011). 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Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers.Human resource management journal,21(1), 3-13. Gursoy, D., Maier, T. A., Chi, C. G. (2008). Generational differences: An examination of work values and generational gaps in the hospitality workforce.International Journal of Hospitality Management,27(3), 448-458. Kapoor, C., Solomon, N. (2011). Understanding and managing generational differences in the workplace.Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes,3(4), 308-318. Kowske, B. J., Rasch, R., Wiley, J. (2010). Millennials(lack of) attitude problem: An empirical examination of generational effects on work attitudes.Journal of Business and Psychology,25(2), 265-279. Lieber, L. D. (2010). How HR can assist in managing the four generations in today's workplace.Employment Relations Today,36(4), 85-91. Ng, E. S., Schweitzer, L., Lyons, S. T. (2010). 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Lorenzo Colbert Jr. Essays (404 words) - Africa, San People

Lorenzo Colbert Jr. Africana Studies 235 MWF 3:25-4:20 Most Ancient Race Did you know that the most ancient race on the planet is an African tribe? That African tribe goes by Bushmen or The San People of Kalahari Desert. The Bushmen are apart of a group called Khosian and are related to the Khoikhoi. They are hunter and gathers who live in temporary wooden shelters. Scientists have evidence that they have been around for 30,000 years and are rich in skills, folklore, and art. Genetics have traced that they are the oldest human population on the continent. First, Studies of African DNA has shown high levels of genetic diversity in the Bushmen. These studies conclude that they are the oldest population on Earth. In 2009, a team of scientists gathered information from genetic material from 121 African populations and reported they found 14 ancestral population clusters. With this research they also found the origin of human migration and this is said to be the homeland of the Bushmen communities. Studies show that all other Africans are descendants of the Bushmen people and possibly so is every other human. Secondly, Bushmen hunt enthusiastically in their own way and fashion. They are excellent marksman and use bow and arrows to hunt. They will spend days out hunting for the village especially for big animals that have to be exhausted. Bushmen believe that some fat from certain animals give them supernatural potency. The women are usually gatherers and their gathering gear is simple and effective. They use a sling, blanket, and a cloak to carry food, wood, children, and/or a digging stick. The Bushmen people were true nomads and some still hold these traditions close. Thirdly, Bushmen are very rich in folklore, skills, and art. They have left over 20,000 rock paintings which can all be found in caves in over 500 different sites. Some of these paintings represented evocation of a spiritual power and they believe that some even opened up portals to the spirit world. Through these practices the Bushmen believed that they can gain power in their lives and gain power with the hunt. To conclude, the Bushmen are the oldest civilization on the Earth. They are from the Kalahari Desert and still are alive to this day. They are somewhat still the same people they were 20,000 years ago today.